When we're given the absolute value of a symbolic expression, we often need to consider both cases: (1) the symbolic expression represents a non-negative number, or (2) it represents a negative number.
That is, in the expression |x-1|, the symbolic expression x-1 could represent x-1 or it could represent 1-x.
I see only five absolute value expressions, so I'm not sure why your instructor referred to six cases.