Another way you might want to look at is through a formula.
It makes a right triangle , right?
SO, with A being altittude, S being half the base, and L being the leg, then
A^2+S^2 = L^2.
Is there any way that A could be greater then L?
If P is point not on line l, then if the line segment PF, F on l then the length of PF is the shortest distance from P to l.
In both of your questions, an length of an altitude is the shortest distance from a vertex to the opposite side.
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