I am assuming the graph below represents the glass part of the vase. The center is where the water, flowers, etc goes.
If I understand correctly.
Using washers to revolve about the x-axis.
\(\displaystyle \pi\int_{0}^{20}\left[\left(2x-\frac{5}{2}\right)^{2}-\left(sin(x)+\frac{x}{2}+\frac{9}{2}\right)^{2}\right]dx\)
For part b, and assuming 20 remains constant, you would set k instead of 2 in the above integrand, then integrate, set to 2800 and solve for k.